Stumbled on this cable today, it has 4 pins, of which only three are actually in use. It was found with a quick installation guide of an old DVD-ROM IDE drive and nothing else except some screws, so I'm not even sure it actually belongs to this. My best guess is that it's a power cable, but according to Google, it doesn't looks like one that comes with an IDE drive.

Answer
That was used to connect the CD drive to the soundcard / mainboard, it's an (analogue) audio connector.
Good definition of the CD-ROM cable here
A cable used to send audio CD sound to the computer's sound card. When
playing audio CDs, CD-ROM drives output analog sound to both a
headphones jack and external connector just like a CD player. This
method [was] the way audio CDs [were] played on a computer, but it was
the only method available on earlier CD-ROM drives for extracting data
from an audio CD. By the mid-1990s, most CD-ROM drives could pass the
digital data over the computer's bus (see digital audio extraction).
[Later, PCs used] a standard four-pin cable; [earlier] cards and
drives used connectors with three to six pins. Finding the right cable
was a problem, and the earliest drives had no connector. An advantage
of the multimedia upgrade kits that were popular before CD-ROMs were
standard issue on a PC was that they included the card, drive and the
correct cable. In lieu of this connection, a stereo cable from the
headphones jack of the drive to the AUDIO IN of the sound card could
always be used.

Also early drives would have custom interfaces and sound cards would need to support multiple plugs. You could find old SoundBlasters with 2-3 cable headers. The four-pin cable had become the standard during the mid 90s.

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