boot - Update Windows 10 from ISO without losing data

I was wondering if I can update my Windows 10 from a USB, using an ISO.

I have had problems updating for about a year, and tried everything.

My Windows 10 never updates, and is still stuck on 1703.

It has been so long since update, that I now have a desktop shortcut called Windows 10 Update Assistant, which I have run 3 times now.

The last run, I got error code 0x80070002 (Something to do with Did not find hard disk space needed).

Here is my error log (C:\$WINDOWS.~BT\Sources\Panther\setuperr.log):

2018-02-25 11:23:22, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpActionImpl > > >::Suspend(1066): Result = 0xC1800104
2018-02-25 11:23:22, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::ExecuteInstallMode(723): Result = 0x800705BB

2018-02-25 11:23:22, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::ExecuteDownlevelMode(347): Result = 0x800705BB
2018-02-25 11:23:22, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::Execute(237): Result = 0x800705BB
2018-02-25 11:23:22, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupHost::Execute(375): Result = 0x800705BB
2018-02-25 11:34:30, Error                 SP     CDownloadDUUpdates::DoExecuteInternal: Did not find hard disk space needed, when update cab files will not be extracted. This is unexpected! hr = 0x8000ffff
2018-02-25 11:34:30, Error                 SP     CSetupPlatform::DownloadDynamicUpdates: Failed to download updates. Error: 0x8000FFFF
2018-02-25 11:34:30, Error                 MOUPG  DUImage: Failed to execute GDR search and download [0x8000ffff]
2018-02-25 11:35:13, Error                 DU     DU::CDUSession::Search: Failed to set WU internal configuration property for targeted scans. hr = 0x80070057
2018-02-25 11:35:13, Error                 DU     DU::CDUSession::BuildSearchCriteria: Caller profile search criterion is not supported. hr = 0x80070032
2018-02-25 11:35:13, Error                 DU     DU::CDUSession::Search: Failed to build the search criteria. hr = 0x80070032
2018-02-25 11:43:28, Error                 CONX   0xd0000034 Failed to add user mode driver [%SystemRoot%\system32\DRIVERS\UMDF\uicciso.dll]


2018-02-25 11:49:12, Error                 IBSLIB BCD: Failed to add system store from file. File: \Device\HarddiskVolume2\Boot\BCD Status: c000000f[gle=0x00000003]
2018-02-25 11:49:12, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpActionDiskSpaceReq::CalculateRequiredDiskSpaceInstallReq(1771): Result = 0x80070002[gle=0x00000003]
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpActionDiskSpaceReq::ExecuteInstallReq(1283): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpActionDiskSpaceReq::ExecuteRoutine(504): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpActionImpl > > >::Execute(441): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpTask::ExecuteAction(3243): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpTask::ExecuteActions(3397): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CDlpTask::Execute(1631): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::ExecuteTask(2170): Result = 0x80070002

2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::ExecuteTask(2133): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::ExecuteInstallMode(715): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:13, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::ExecuteDownlevelMode(347): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:18, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupManager::Execute(237): Result = 0x80070002
2018-02-25 11:49:18, Error                 MOUPG  CSetupHost::Execute(375): Result = 0x80070002

Full log here

Anyway, I was wondering if I could update my Windows 10 to the latest update, via ISO, without losing all of my data.

SYSTEM SPECS:
HERE
I also have a dual boot setup, with Kali Linux (I do lots of security stuff), with GRUB boot-loader.

DISK SPACE:
HERE